After our blue planet
Earth from the Sun, The Mars is the fourth planet. It is known since historic
times as the "Red Planet" because of its coloration, which stimulate
much interest. His name is the god of war according to the Greco-Roman mythology.
Mars is one of the
planets most fascinated us throughout history, the possibility that harbored
life due to their similarities with our planet, has led to weave thousands of
stories about and a great hope of finding microscopic life today, in these our
days in which technology allows us to almost touch this dream with your hands.
The tendency of its
alliance from vertical to the plane of its orbit cause Mars in following
seasons, which last only about two times that of Earth, as the extraterrestrial
year lasts almost double the ground. The strangeness of the orbit makes
Perihelion distances and influence aphelia seasons. The aphelion coincides with
the autumn for the Southern Hemisphere, which causes the Southern Hemisphere
winter is longer and colder, while the summer is shorter and warmer than in the
Northern Hemisphere. Hence, for a century the south polar cap has disappeared
twice, while the north polar cap is not gone even once. In the spring of Mars,
the caps are surrounded by a dark border of the wetting of the ground product.
It moves progressively toward the Ecuador at 30 to 40 km / day.
Its surface:
It distingue grayish
brown spots on an orange background general. The dark spots have been called
seas, lakes, etc.., the orange, continents or deserts. Today they are
designated with the name of albino details and do not correspond, in general,
with details observed from the probes that have been in the vicinity of Mars.
The photographs from
space probes that have surrounded or down on Mars show a variety of terrain:
Great Plains with and without craters, volcanic mountains and deep canyons and
chaotic terrain. The craters are from small diameters (0.5 km and less) to 500
km in diameter. In the region of Hellas, by contrast, almost no craters are
observed. Hellas is a huge depression about 1700 km in diameter. Not far from
Lake Typhoon begins a rift over 2000 km in length, width and depth of 120 km to
6 km.
The most significant
detail in the dark is the region of Sorties Major. The bright regions can be
called deserts, because they are composed of porous sand rust. There are more
than a dozen volcanic mountains of doubt. The highest of them is Mount Olympus,
which is the highest mountain in the Solar System. It has a diameter of 500 km
at its base and a height of about 27 km. Some craters show signs of recent
activity and have petrified lava flows on its slopes. Another detail of Martian
relief is winding fissures or cracks that resemble the beds of ancient rivers.
But the most conspicuous detail of the surface are the polar caps continuously
changing its contours with the seasons, as they are formed by frozen CO2 and
water also believed. In the region of descent of a spacecraft analyzed the
composition of the soil, which happened to be composed of iron and silicon,
calcium, aluminum and titanium. The high iron content (12 to 16%) of the
Martian soil is what gives it its reddish color.
By the gradual failing
of the starlight hidden when Mars, darkening the disc of the planet, presence
of clouds and directly shown in the photographs spectroscopy. The atmosphere is
composed of 95% CO2, 2.7% N2, 1.6% of AR, 0.03% O 2 and <0.05% water. The
ozone content (per unit area of the planet) is 1000 times lower than in the
Earth's ozone layer, so this layer, which lies about 40 km in height, does not
block solar UV radiation, and this comes to the planet's surface. Clouds can be
presented in three colors: white, yellow and blue. There are clouds that reach
to 2000 km. The white clouds are composed apparently of ice crystals, the
yellow ones are hairy nature and arise as a result of dust storms consist of
particles about 1 micron. The scattering of light with traces of dust gives the
Martian sky a salmon color. In the atmosphere are produced winds up to 120 m /
s that are responsible for the existence of sand dunes in deserts. There is
also a global circulation of the atmosphere. Mars has an ionosphere which has
its largest electron density up to approximately 130 kilometers.
High temperature:
Since the atmosphere is
very transparent, the greenhouse effect is very small and it is expected that
at night the temperature drops considerably. This is helped by the low thermal
conductivity of the Martian soil. The average surface temperature is 220 K, but
there is a dependence on latitude, so that in the tropics is greater (272K).
Apparently, this temperature measurement is greater than can occur on Mars. In
this same place in the morning was measured at a temperature of only 150 K. The
temperature in the polar caps is about 150 K, and in the stratosphere is
maintained throughout the day between 170 and 180 k. The in situ experiments to
discover a way of life so far have proved unsuccessful.
Magnetic field:
Its magnetic field is
very weak opposite polarity to the Earth and intensity magnetic Ecuador level
with the surface of the Earth 0002.
Satellites:
It has two satellites in
order of distance from the planet are Phobias and Daimios.
Temperature and
Pressure:
The average recorded
temperature on Mars is -63 ° C (-81 ° F) with a maximum temperature of 20 ° C
(68 ° F) and a minimum of -140 ° C (-220 ° F). Barometric pressure varies each
of the landing points every six months. Carbon dioxide, the major component of
the atmosphere, freezes to form an immense polar cap, alternately in each of
the poles. Carbon dioxide forms a thick layer of snow and then evaporates again
with the arrival of spring in each hemisphere. When the southern cap was
largest, the mean daily pressure observed by Viking Lander 1 was as low as 6.8
mill bars; at other times of the year rose high as 9.0 mill bars. The pressures
at the Viking Lander 2 site were 7.3 and 10.8 mill bars. In comparison, the
average pressure of the Earth is 1000 mill bars.
Mars Facts:
Mass (kg): 6.421e +23
Mass (Earth = 1):
1.0745e-01
Equatorial radius (km):
3397.2
Equatorial radius (Earth
= 1): 5.3264e-01
Mean density (gm / cm ^
3): 3.94
indicate distance from
the Sun (km) 227,940,000 Mean distance from the Sun (Earth = 1) : 1.5237
Rotational period (hours): 24.6229 Orbital period (days) : 686.98 Mean orbital
velocity (km / sec) 24.13 Orbital eccentricity: 0.0934 Tilt of axis (degrees) :
25.19 Orbital inclination (degrees): 1,850 Ecuador surface gravity (m / sec ^
2): 3.72 Escape velocity in Ecuador (km / sec) 05.02 Visual geometric albedo :
0.15 Magnitude (Vo ): -2.01 minimum surface temperature : -140 ° C average
surface temperature : -63 ° C Maximum surface temperature: 20 ° C Atmospheric
pressure (bars): 0,007
Atmospheric
composition Carbon Dioxide (C02)
95.32% Nitrogen (N2)
2.7% Argon (Ar) 1.6%
Oxygen (O2) 0.13%
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
0.07%
Water (H2O) 0.03%
Neon (Ne) 0.00025%
Krypton (Kr) 0.00003%
Xenon (Xe) 0.000008%
Ozone (O3) 0.000003%
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